When it comes to running a marathon, there are three pacing strategy options: Positive pacing, negative pacing, or even pacing.
The most desired pacing strategy amongst most marathon runners is the negative split, or a negative pacing strategy. This means a runner will begin the race at a pace slightly slower than their average marathon pace, and get faster as the race goes on — ideally, finishing the second half of the race faster than the first. Scoring negative splits is a difficult feat because it means having enough gas in the tank in the second half of the race to run faster and stronger than you did in the first. With so many variables that can affect your race — from fueling, to weather conditions, to mental stamina — it’s not guaranteed that you’ll be able to kick things into a higher gear after 13-plus miles on your feet.
Even splits, or an even pacing strategy, means that runners stay pretty consistent throughout the entire race, aiming to run each mile at the same pace, or within 10 to 15 seconds of the previous mile. Like negative splits, this “metronome” pacing strategy can be incredibly difficult to pull off, and requires laser-like focus along with a high level of endurance.
Positive pacing, or positive splits, is often perceived as the less desirable of all the pacing strategies. Positive splits are the opposite of negative splits, meaning runners get slower throughout the race, with the second half of the race being slower than the first. This racing strategy is often attributed to a poor pacing strategy overall, with runners starting the race at a faster pace than they can sustain, and slowing down as the race goes on. Many runners “hit the wall” after mile 18 or 20, and struggle through the last 10k of the marathon, citing everything from gastrointestinal issues, muscle spasms and soreness, mental fatigue and exhaustion as the culprit that sabotaged their race.
Despite positive perceptions about negative-splitting a marathon, and negative perceptions towards positive splits, research shows that for most runners, the best marathon pacing strategy for a goal of a faster race time is to run even splits, or a slightly-positive split race. Recent world records have indicated more even splits are the best race strategy, while other race analyses have found marathoners more often adopt a positive pacing strategy.
The latter might seem counterintuitive. After all, how can slowing down over the marathon distance lead to a personal record (PR) or personal best (PB)?
Of course, with most things, there are a couple big caveats.
1. While slightly positive splits may lead to a faster finish time, that doesn’t mean going all-out in the first half of the race and completely falling apart in the second. A 2014 study of New York City Marathon finishers found that while a “positive pace profile” led to faster times in general, the variability in speed was low — meaning that while runners ran a technically slower back half of the marathon, their mile splits didn’t fluctuate a ton throughout the race.
2. Outsiders often associate “positive splits” with bonking, or an athlete’s body shutting down physically or mentally somewhere in the last half, or more often last 10k, of a race. Rather, the pacing strategy of elite marathoners is to start faster than their average pace, and then “recover” in the later stages of the race by running slightly slower than their average pace for two-thirds of the distance. So while they’re technically accumulating positive splits, this tactic isn’t happening because of an unplanned depletion of energy, but as a method of self and energy preservation.
3. Every race course has a different elevation profile, and this will definitely affect runners’ pacing tactics, as well as their pacing strategies. Strategically difficult courses like the Boston Marathon and New York City Marathon are likely more easy targets for positively-paced races, while net downhill courses will make it easier to accomplish consistent negative splits.
Whatever race you’re signed up for, no matter your pacing goals, these three takeaways will help you run a faster race:
- Train with your pacing strategy in mind — if your goal is to have evenly-paced splits or negative splits, your workouts and training need to reflect that.
- Stay consistent — the less variability you have in your pacing strategy, the better control you’ll have over your time goal.
- Prepare for both physical and mental hurdles: Runners are often derailed from their pacing strategies and time goals (AKA, they “hit the wall”) due to gastrointestinal distress, fueling issues, and mental barriers. Keep these outliers in mind throughout your training and develop a solid plan in place to ensure they won’t sabotage your race day pacing strategy.
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